Vaccination Information By State
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The information contained in this article is only informational and is not to be construed as professional advice, which is only available after individual consultation with a professional.
This information is derived from trusted sources and is believed to be the most accurate information at the time of publication. Due to the constant development of knowledge and information related to these issues, the information in this article may become inaccurate or obsolete.
The best way to stay informed regarding vaccinations in your state is through the website links provided. The majority of the state vaccination sites are requiring the use of appointments. It is recommended that you carefully answer all unknown numbers as this may be your appointment confirmation. It is also recommended that you check your SPAM folder daily if you have made an appointment.
Updated March 5, 2021
Alabama
As the supply of COVID-19 vaccine is limited at the moment, ADPH is following the guidance of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for prioritization of risk groups.
Number of phases: 4 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c
Additional resources:
Alaska
The State of Alaska is using a phased approach to allocate the initial limited supply of COVID-19 vaccine to Alaskans.
Number of phases: 10 (1a (Tier 1, 2, 3), 1b (Tier 1, 2, 3, 4) 1c, 2, 3))
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1b Tier 4
Additional resources:
- http://dhss.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/Pages/COVID-19/vaccine.aspx
- http://dhss.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/SiteAssets/Pages/HumanCoV/COVIDvaccine_AlaskaAllocationGuidelines.pdf (PDF)
Arizona
A safe and effective vaccine is a critical component of the U.S. strategy to stop the spread of COVID-19 and reduce COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths. The Arizona Department of Health Services (ADHS) is working diligently to distribute and administer COVID-19 vaccines in Arizona.
Number of phases: 5 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1b
Additional resources:
- https://www.azdhs.gov/preparedness/epidemiology-disease-control/infectious-disease-epidemiology/index.php#novel-coronavirus-vaccine
- https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations.html
- https://www.azdhs.gov/documents/preparedness/epidemiology-disease-control/infectious-disease-epidemiology/novel-coronavirus/vaccine/covid19-vp-infographic-eng.pdf (PDF)
Arkansas
Vaccinations began in Arkansas shortly after authorization was granted for the initial vaccine. The initial recipients in Arkansas are health care workers and residents of long-term care facilities. Supply will increase into 2021, and additional vaccines may also be authorized.
Number of phases: 3 (1a, 1b, 1c)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c
Additional resources:
- https://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/programs-services/topics/covid-19-vaccination-plan
- https://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/images/uploads/pdf/ADH_COVID-19_Vaccination_Plan_(5).pdf (PDF)
California
COVID-19 vaccination is one of the most important tools to end the COVID-19 pandemic. The State is prioritizing vaccines for equitable distribution to everyone in California. It is expected that enough supplies to vaccinate most Californians will be available by summer 2021.
Number of phases: 4 (1a, 1b tier one, 1b tier two, 1c)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1b tier two
Additional resources:
- https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/COVID-19Vaccine.aspx
- https://covid19.ca.gov/vaccines/
Colorado
The state expects a limited supply of vaccinations for several months.
Number of phases: 6 (1a, 1b.1, 1b.2, 1b.3, 2, 3)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1b.3
Additional resources:
- https://covid19.colorado.gov/vaccine
- https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NmRKJnx8oMlDgI55KKqEIZMOZtga_MQh/view (PDF)
Connecticut
The state is currently in Phase 1b of the statewide rollout plan. Appointment availability is based on the supply of vaccine.
Number of phases: 5 (1a, 1b (Tier 1, 2, 3), 1c)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1b Tier 3
Additional resources:
Delaware
There are multiple options for Delaware residents to be vaccinated.
Number of phases: 5 (1a, 1b, 2, 3, 4)
The phase that includes essential workers: Remaining Phase 1
Additional resources:
District of Columbia
Current demand for the vaccine is much higher than the supply. The DC Health Department continues to advocate for the federal government to deliver additional vaccines.
Number of phases: 8 (1a, 1b (Tier 1, 2, 3), 1c (Tier 1, 2, 3), 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c Tier 3
Additional resources:
- https://coronavirus.dc.gov/vaccine
- https://coronavirus.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/coronavirus/page_content/attachments/Vaccination-Program-Phases-with-Tiers.pdf (PDF)
Florida
The demand for the COVID-19 vaccine is far in excess of the supply available to the state. The state is prioritizing persons 65 years of age and older and health care personnel with direct patient contact and residents and staff of long-term care facilities.
Current phase the state is in: On Dec. 23, 2020, Gov DeSantis signed Executive Order 20-315, which outlines that providers can ONLY administer the COVID-19 vaccine to the following groups: Long term care facility residents and staff, Persons 65 years of age and older, Health care personnel with direct patient contact, and Persons deemed to be extremely vulnerable to COVID-19 by hospital providers.
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Timeline: DeSantis has said that the state’s goal is to vaccinate most people in its top priority group — including older adults — by February. The vaccine would then become available to more people, likely including essential workers like teachers and police officers
Additional resources:
Georgia
Vaccine supply is very limited. Public health departments are scheduling vaccines by appointment only, as are most other providers.
Number of phases: 3 (1a+, 1b, 1c)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1b
Additional resources:
Hawaii
The Hawaii Department of Health is moving forward with implementing a robust, comprehensive vaccination plan to ensure the COVID-19 vaccine is available to Hawaii residents in an efficient, safe and orderly manner.
Number of phases: Information varies, anywhere from 2 - 5 stages
The phase that includes essential workers: unclear
Additional resources:
- https://hawaiicovid19.com/vaccine/
- https://health.hawaii.gov/coronavirusdisease2019/what-you-should-know/covid-19-vaccine-frequently-asked-questions/
Idaho
On Jan 12, 2021 Gov. Little announced the state is starting its next phase of vaccine distribution. Little said teachers, school staff, and first responders would be prioritized between Jan 13-31. The first phase included frontline healthcare workers and nursing home staff and residents. Individuals age 65 and older will be able to access the vaccine starting Feb. 1.
Number of phases: 6 (Group 1, 2 (Tier1 & 2), 3, 4, 5)
The phase that includes essential workers: Group 3
Additional resources:
Illinois
Within Illinois, the CDC recognizes the state and the city of Chicago as separate jurisdictions for the distribution of vaccine. Both Illinois and Chicago are collaborating to ensure that vaccines are delivered and available in accordance with the CDC guidelines and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
Number of phases: 4 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c
Additional resources:
- https://www.dph.illinois.gov/covid19/vaccination-plan
- https://coronavirus.illinois.gov/sfc/servlet.shepherd/document/download/069t000000GNOFoAAP?operationContext=S1 (PDF)
Indiana
The vaccination process in Indiana has begun. Currently, the state is offering vaccinations to those age 65 and older, long-term care residents, first responders who are regularly called to the scene of an emergency to give medical aid, and licensed and unlicensed healthcare workers who have in-person contact with patients or infectious material in any healthcare setting. Additional groups will be eligible as soon as vaccine supplies permit.
Number of phases: The state appears to currently only have two phases established: 1A & 1B
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Additional resources:
- https://www.coronavirus.in.gov/vaccine/index.htm
- https://www.coronavirus.in.gov/files/Eligibility%201.5.21.pdf (PDF)
Iowa
Iowa is currently vaccinating individuals in Phase 1A, that includes health care providers and long-term care residents. Phase 1B begins February 1, 2021. To help balance vaccine supply with the Phase 1B demands, IDPH has implemented a tiered prioritization.
Number of phases: 6 (Phase 1, 1B (Tiers 1 - 5))
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1B Tier 2
Additional resources:
- https://idph.iowa.gov/Emerging-Health-Issues/Novel-Coronavirus/Vaccine/Information-for-the-Public
- https://idph.iowa.gov/Portals/1/userfiles/61/covid19/vaccine/new_graphic%20%281%29.pdf (PDF)
Kansas
The COVID-19 vaccine is available in very limited doses.
Number of phases: 5 (Phase 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 3
Additional resources:
Kentucky
Vaccine distribution details, including the number of doses and allocation plan, are expected to change frequently.
Number of phases: 6 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3, 4)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c
Additional resources:
Louisiana
The Louisiana Department of Health is coordinating the COVID-19 vaccine distribution effort in Louisiana.
Number of phases: Louisiana currently only has three phases established (Phase 1A, 1B(Tier 1 & 2))
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Additional resources:
Maine
The state of Maine is using a phased approach to providing vaccines.
Number of phases: 4 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c
Additional resources:
Maryland
Maryland will distribute the vaccines to five different priority groups based on relative risk of exposure or developing serious illness. Vaccine prioritization may be subject to change. The state has adopted a rolling vaccine allocation model.
Number of phases: 5 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c
Additional resources:
Massachusetts
Massachusetts COVID-19 vaccine distribution plan includes three phases, which reflect several priorities: protecting our most vulnerable, maintaining health care system capacity, and addressing inequities in health care access and COVID-19 burden.
Number of phases: 6 (1, 2(Groups 1-4), 3)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 2 Group 3
Additional resources:
- https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massachusetts-covid-19-vaccine-information
- https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massachusetts-covid-19-vaccination-data-and-updates
- https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massachusetts-covid-19-vaccination-phases#phase-1-
Michigan
Michigan has prioritized vaccine allocation within CDC’s Phases, with an emphasis on both protecting people at increased risk for severe COVID-19 illness and ensuring the continuing functioning of the health care system and essential services in the community. These prioritizations may change as more information on vaccine effectiveness and additional vaccination products become available.
Number of phases: 4 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c
Additional resources:
- https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus/0,9753,7-406-98178_103214---,00.html
- https://www.michigan.gov/documents/coronavirus/MI_COVID-19_Vaccination_Prioritization_Guidance_710349_7.pdf (PDF)
Minnesota
On January 18, 2021, Governor Walz announced that the state is launching a COVID-19 vaccine pilot program in partnership with local public health and school districts. Sites involved in the pilot program will initially serve adults 65 years of age and older, Pre-K-12 educators, school staff and childcare workers.
Number of phases: Minnesota currently only has one phase established (Phase 1a)
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Additional resources:
- https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/vaccine/basics.html
- https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/vaccine/index.html
- https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/vaccine/plan.html
- https://mn.gov/covid19/assets/vaccine-timeline-detailed_tcm1148-469474.png
Mississippi
The state is currently offering vaccinations to those residents aged 65 and over and well as those with chronic health conditions.
Number of phases: 4 (1a, 1b.1, 1b.2, 1b.3)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1b.3
Additional resources:
Missouri
Missouri's phased approach to vaccinating citizens allows for the protection of the most vulnerable populations, as well as those who work to keep our communities safe and thriving during an emergency.
Number of phases: 5 (1a, 1b (Tier1, 2, 3), 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1b tier 3
Additional resources:
Montana
Montana has now moved into Phase 1b of the COVID-19 vaccine distribution plan.
Number of phases: 4 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1b
Additional resources:
- https://dphhs.mt.gov/covid19vaccine
- https://dphhs.mt.gov/Portals/85/Documents/Coronavirus/COVID-19VaccineAllocationPlan.pdf (PDF)
Nebraska
The state Department of Health and Human Services has worked to ensure that inclusion, transparency, and a sound evidence base are the foundation of Nebraska's COVID-19 vaccination plan.
The goal is to ensure fair and equitable access, and to distribute the vaccine in a way that provides the most protection for Nebraskans as quickly as possible. There are many unknowns that still remain in planning for vaccine distribution, making their plan a living document that will be revised as new information is available.
Number of phases: 6 (1a, 1b (Tier1, 2, 3,) 1c, 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1b Tier 2
Additional resources:
- http://dhhs.ne.gov/Pages/COVID-19-Vaccine-Information.aspx
- https://gis.ne.gov/portal/sharing/rest/content/items/7ea59e82dd524f94af6c2b27099c5538/data
- http://dhhs.ne.gov/Documents/COVID-19-Vaccine-Phase-1B-Prioritization.pdf (PDF)
Nevada
Each county in Nevada has its own COViD-19 vaccine distribution plan based on the needs of its population and how quickly it moves through priority populations.
Number of phases: 3 (1, 2, 3)
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Additional resources:
New Hampshire
The state is committed to a safe and effective vaccine that will protect against COVID-19. The vaccine will be distributed in a phased approach and the initial allocation will be used to vaccinate at-risk health workers, residents of long-term care facilities, and first responders.
Number of phases: 6 (1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 3b
Additional resources:
- https://www.nh.gov/covid19/resources-guidance/vaccination-planning.htm
- https://www.dhhs.nh.gov/dphs/cdcs/covid19/documents/covid19-vaccine-allocation-plan-summary.pdf (PDF)
New Jersey
New Jersey will roll out COVID-19 vaccines in a phased approach to all adults who live, work, or are being educated in the State. Within six months, New Jersey aims to vaccinate 70 percent of the adult population.
Number of phases: 4 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c
Additional resources:
- https://covid19.nj.gov/pages/vaccine
- https://covid19.nj.gov/faqs/nj-information/slowing-the-spread/who-is-eligible-for-vaccination-in-new-jersey-who-is-included-in-the-vaccination-phases
New Mexico
New Mexico has prioritized vaccine allocation consistent with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) phases, adapting those phases where necessary. The state’s vaccination distribution plan aims to a) ensure the continuing functioning of the health care system and essential services in the community and b) protect people at increased risk for severe COVID-19-related illness.
Number of phases: 4 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c
Additional resources:
- https://cv.nmhealth.org/covid-vaccine/
- https://cv.nmhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/2021.1.28-DOH-Phase-Guidance.pdf (PDF)
New York
The state has begun to administer vaccinations. Eligible groups include doctors, nurses and health care workers, people age 65 and over, first responders, teachers, public transit workers, grocery store workers and public safety workers. Vaccinations are administered by appointment only.
Number of phases: New York currently only has two phases established (Phase 1a & 1b)
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Additional resources:
North Carolina
The state has begun the vaccination process. The resources below provide up to date information on the status in your area.
Number of phases: 5 (Group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
The phase that includes essential workers: Groups 4
Additional resources:
North Dakota
The state is in the process of administering vaccinations based on their phased approach.
Number of phases: 3 (1a, 1b, 1c )
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c
Additional resources:
- https://www.health.nd.gov/covid-19-vaccine-information
- https://www.health.nd.gov/sites/www/files/documents/COVID%20Vaccine%20Page/COVID-19_Vaccine_Prioritization_Phase1A-C.pdf (PDF)
Ohio
Ohio has started distributing safe, effective COVID-19 vaccines statewide to those who choose to be vaccinated.
Number of phases: 6 (1a, 2b (tiers 1 -5))
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Additional resources:
- https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/covid-19/covid-19-vaccination-program
- https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/static/vaccine/general_fact_sheet.pdf (PDF)
- https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/static/vaccine/phase-1c-fact-sheet.pdf (PDF)
Oklahoma
The state has announced that it will continue to focus on vaccinations for those residents in Phase 2
Number of phases: 4 (1, 2, 3, 4)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 3
Additional resources:
Oregon
Oregon Health Authority will follow a phased approach to vaccination. The state is following CDC guidance in prioritizing health care workers and long term residents as the first group to receive the vaccine.
Number of phases: Oregon currently only has two phases established (Phase 1a & 1b)
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Additional resources:
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth has started the vaccination process and is working to expand eligibility to more groups of people.
Number of phases: 4 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c
Timeline: N/A
Additional resources:
- https://www.pa.gov/guides/get-vaccinated/#Step1ChecktoSeeifYoureEligible
- https://www.health.pa.gov/topics/programs/immunizations/Pages/COVID-19-Vaccine-Providers.aspx
Rhode Island
Currently, Rhode Island is in group 2 of the state's vaccination plan. Rhode Island is vaccinating using a primarily age-based approach, with accelerated distribution to individuals in the most vulnerable geographies and individuals with health conditions know to put them at higher risk.
Number of phases: 7 (Groups 1 - 7)
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Additional resources:
South Carolina
Vaccine distribution is occurring in a phased approach. The timing is subject to change at any time.
Number of phases: 4 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c
Additional resources:
South Dakota
The state offers vaccinations based on a rolling phased in approach.
Number of phases: 6 (1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1e
Additional resources:
- https://doh.sd.gov/Covid/Vaccine/Public.aspx
- https://doh.sd.gov/documents/COVID19/Vaccine/COVIDVaccineAvailability_Distribution_FlyerSize.pdf (PDF)
Tennessee
In addition to the phases prioritized by infrastructure and high-risk health conditions, Tennesseans are eligible for vaccines based solely on their age. These age-based phases will run simultaneously with phases prioritized by infrastructure and high-risk health conditions.
Number of phases:
- Age Based 8 (75+, 70+, 65+, 55+, 45+, 35+, 25+, 16+)
- Risk-Based 7 (1a1, 1a2, 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b, 3)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 2a and 2b
Additional resources:
- https://covid19.tn.gov/covid-19-vaccines/
- https://www.tn.gov/health/cedep/ncov/covid-19-vaccine-information.html
Texas
The state is rolling out vaccinations using a phased approach.
Number of phases: 5 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3)
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Additional resources:
Utah
The state’s phased in strategy are based on state and local data and need, vaccine storage capability of facilities, and guidance from the CDC and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
Number of phases: Utah currently only has two phases established (Group 1 & 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Additional resources:
- https://coronavirus.utah.gov/vaccine
- https://coronavirus-download.utah.gov/Health/Vaccine_Timeline.pdf (PDF)
Vermont
Vaccine distribution is underway in Vermont, and planning continues to ensure equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines.
Number of phases: 7 (phase 1, 2, 3, 4, 5A, 5B, 6)
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Additional resources:
- https://www.healthvermont.gov/covid-19/vaccine
- https://www.healthvermont.gov/covid-19/vaccine/about-covid-19-vaccines-vermont
Virginia
The Commonwealth is implementing is vaccination program in a phased approach. Currently, the vaccine is available to health care workers and long term residents and front line essential workers.
Number of phases: 3 (1a, 1b, 1c)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 1c
Additional resources:
Washington
The vaccine is available to anyone 65 and older, and all people 50 and older who also live in a multigenerational household. This is in addition to populations eligible during phase 1A including health care workers at high risk for COVID-19 infection, first responders, people who live or work in long-term care facilities, and all other workers in health settings who are at risk of COVID-19.
Number of phases: 6 (1a (Tier 1 & 2), Phase 1b (Tiers 1 - 4))
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Additional resources:
West Virginia
All West Virginians over the age of 16 are encouraged to pre-register through the West Virginia COVID-19 Vaccine Registration System. Pre-registration offers West Virginians the opportunity to receive real-time updates on vaccine availability and schedule an appointment when available as vaccine supplies allow.
Number of phases: 7 (1a ,1b, 1c, 1d, 2a,2b, 2c)
The phase that includes essential workers: Phase 2b
Additional resources:
Wisconsin
The State of Wisconsin is committed to the equitable and fair distribution of the vaccine and is following prioritization guidelines from the federal Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the State Disaster Medical Advisory Committee (SDMAC).
Number of phases: Wisconsin currently only has two phases established (Phase 1a & 1b)
The phase that includes essential workers: N/A
Additional resources:
- https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/covid-19/vaccine.htm
- https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/covid-19/vaccine-about.htm
Wyoming
Wyoming is determining priority groups and ordering vaccine supply at the state level. Coordination and administering the vaccine is occurring at the county level.
Number of phases: 4 (1a, 1b, 1c, 2)
The phase that includes essential workers: Eligibility after phase 1a & 1b have not yet been specified.
Additional resources:
- https://health.wyo.gov/publichealth/immunization/wyoming-covid-19-vaccine-information/
- https://health.wyo.gov/publichealth/immunization/wyoming-covid-19-vaccine-information/county-covid-19-vaccine-information/
- https://health.wyo.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/WDH_Phase-1-COVID-19-Vaccination-Priorities_2.1.21.pdf (PDF)
Marci Kinter is the Vice President of Government & Regulatory Affairs at PRINTING United Alliance, the largest, most comprehensive member-based printing and graphic arts association in the United States. PRINTING United Alliance members have exclusive access to preeminent education; training; workshops; events; research; governmental and legislative representation; safety and environmental sustainability guidance; and resources from the leading media company in the industry – NAPCO Media.
In this article, Kinter provides information regarding vaccinations, state by state. Reach out to Kinter should you have additional questions specific to how these issues may affect your business: mkinter@printing.org
To become a member of PRINTING United Alliance and learn more about how PRINTING United Alliance subject matter experts can assist your company with services and resources such as those mentioned in this article, please contact the Alliance membership team: 888-385-3588 / membership@printing.org.
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- Business Management - Operations
Marcia Kinter is the Vice President, Government & Regulatory Affairs at PRINTING United Alliance. Ms. Kinter oversees the development of resources for the Association addressing environmental, safety & health, and sustainability issues. She represents the printing industry, as well as their associated supplier base, before federal and state regulatory agencies on environmental, safety and other government issues directly impacting the printing industry.
In 2008, Kinter, in conjunction with colleagues from other printing trade associations, was instrumental in launching the Sustainable Green Printing Partnership program. The SGP Program is a registry system for printing facilities that includes third party verification. The program successfully launched as an independent organization in August 2008.
Kinter is a member of and serves as Secretary for the Academy of Screen Printing Technology. In 2001, Kinter received the William D. Schaeffer Environmental Award for significant advancement of environmental awareness in the graphic arts industry.
Before joining PRINTING United Alliance, Kinter worked for The American Waterways Operators, Inc., the national association for the barge and towing industry.
She holds bachelor’s degree in urban planning from the University of Maryland, College Park, and a master’s degree in public administration from George Mason University.
